Known in 1852 as a 'recreation reserve', Carlton Gardens was 64 acres set aside for public purposes. Unfenced, they supported such as the felling of trees, dumping of rubbish, and the grazing of goats and cows free of any charge. Conservancy was obtained from the Government in 1855 and Melbourne City Council promised that Carlton and Fitzroy Gardens would both be brought into a 'proper state of cultivation and plantation'.[1] 'Cultivation' of the Carlton Gardens was fraught with difficulties.
By 1856 the Council had financial problems, and asked the Government for assistance for fencing and general improvements . Edward Latrobe Bateman was commissioned to design both Carlton and Fitzroy Gardens. The sites were roughly the same size and work was to proceed concurrently on both. Bateman's original plans for the Carlton Gardens were lost, so the Land Department provided a modified design .This plan outlined a path system in sweeping curves around a central oval giving access from adjoining streets. A promenade was to run across the northern area.
Negative comparisons were often made between the Fitzroy and Carlton Gardens. While the Fitzroy Gardens developed into a lush green retreat of quiet, meandering paths and exotic flora, the Carlton Gardens (if 'gardens' is an accurate title), acquired a seedy reputation. No one of a 'respectable' class would be found wandering there after dusk. The place was almost continually filled with persons described as 'miscreants' and 'larrikins'. activities
The populace of Fitzroy enjoyed their gardens to a far greater extent then did their poorer cousins over the road. Public criticism was often levelled at the Council for its incompetent management of the Carlton Gardens.
In 1858, the Government gave £500 as quid pro quo for taking back control of the Carlton Gardens. Funds were allotted for various improvements: £200 for footpaths; £20 to fill a gully; £50 to construct a heated green house to provide early propagation facilities. Reports in the Argus in May 1858 indicate, however, ambitions that the ambitions of the Melbourne City Council were being laid waste (literally), by the actions of the hostile local residents who had long regarded the Carlton Gardens as a public common. In a communication from the Gardener William Hyndman to the Town Clerk, at least a touch of frustration si evident: 'nothing has been done about goats in Carlton Gardens, now so numerous with their young progeny that they are to be seen in Hundreds.'[2] Hyndman indicated the police had given up on finding the owners and no-one was capable of controlling these 'flocks' of animals which, on occasion, knocked down some of the 'nervous' lady patrons of the park.
The landscapers of the gardens also had to contend with poor ground. At one stage the site was so denuded of vegetation that it was described as a 'flat, sixty four acre expanse of heavy yellow clay' To tackle this problem the Council arranged a ploughing competition, a popular event at agricultural fairs of the day. Farmers from in and around Melbourne took part. The prizes were a Gold medal, valued at £10 (a gift from the Mayor for the best 1/2 acre ploughed), and three silver medals valued at £5 each.[3]
In 1859 the walks had been marked out and cut. The Argus criticised the Council's effort and commented that the trees planted looked sickly and unacclimatized. Nursery supplies were then obtained from Sydney. Vandalism continued, however, with reports of gangs of boys roaming through the park at night, and of local residents pulling up valuable trees and shrubs. Hyndman wrote to the Lord mayor on October 5, 1861' asking for a constable to patrol the grounds at night:
There has been within the last 5 weeks upwards of 600 valuable young trees and shrubs pulled up, broken, or otherwise destroyed. The place is infested with girls and boys, averaging from 10 to 16 years old, from morning till night, going on with the greatest obscenity. Persons. . .pull and carry away the grass for their own purposes. . .thereby causing a great deal of damage. [4]
In 1860 the gardens were locked at night but the main east west path was always left open. They became notorious for robberies. Gas lamps were erected on this path in the 1860's after a submission from Hyndman in response to a number of complaints from members of the public. A report from the Police department to the Town Clerk in 1863 indicates that the problem was not solely that of robbery but also (among other things), that of 'the nuisance created by itinerant preachers'. The question raised was: under which clause could they be prosecuted if their language was not improper.[5]
The botanical problems of the Carlton Gardens were reduced when the Yan Yean water supply became available to Melbourne in the early 1860s. The Carlton Gardens occupy one of the highest points in the city, so there is no natural watercourse. The advent of a piped water supply meant that young trees could be watered, and water features such as fountains installed. Following this, a number of gifts were made to the gardens in the form of such trees as blue gums. In 1867, Redmond Barry presented 40 Araucacia bidwilli, 40 crytomeria, 20 elms, 20 pittosporum, 40 melaleucas and 40 acacias. By 1870, the gardens contained over 18,000 trees and shrubs.[6]
Despite the fact that the gardener, William Hyndman, collected rare botanical stock from far and wide, the gardens were still considered to be an eyesore. Sir Redmond Barry complained to the Town Clerk that the grounds were being overrun by docks and weeds. Hyndman admitted this was true, but argued this 'crop' fertilized the soil, returning the organic nutrients to the earth. The offending specimens were removed; the slow growth rate continued. There was much contentious discussion regarding the reasons for this lack of progress until a report by Clement Hodgkinson in 1872 stated:
a very large number of Araucacia excelsa, and other valuable trees...(had) been planted by the gardeners in undrained holes: many of such trees have consequently perished, and the remainder of them are so stunted, unsightly or unhealthy as to be worthless.[7]
This was only discovered two years after Hyndman had been sacked by the City Council for ringbarking a row of trees in Victoria Parade.[8]
From 1870 to 1872, the gardens deteriorated into a state of neglect while the Council and the Government wrangled. Local residents had been lobbying for a number of years for a road to run from Gertrude Street to Queensberry Street. A legal oversight in 1864 was found in 1870 to mean that the Carlton Gardens were 'unreserved'. It had been the intention of the government to reserve this land but they had not followed up properly. [9] The consequent power struggle had the Government first proclaiming in 1870 that a road would be put through, and then withdrawing in 1872.
From 1872, the fortunes of the gardens improved. Clement Hodgkinson was appointed to prepare new designs. He recommended gravelled walks, avenues of elms, entrance gates facing Queensberry and Gertrude Streets, a lake and mound on the west side (where the traffic school now is), the planting of beds of flowers and the placement of statues at various points in the gardens. An increase in garden staff was provided, and much of this completed in vain: the Government removed control of the gardens to the Trustees of the International Exhibition and for the next two years, the central and northern sections became a building site, with most of the central section becoming the permanent building. The Exhibition was designed by Reed and Barnes, who also designed the Melbourne Town Hall and the Eastern Market, and built by David Mitchell, Dame Nelly Melba's father, between 1879 and 1889 at the cost of £250,000 .
This exhibition was to be far greater than any preceding it, representing all the major European powers. It opened in October 1880; the boom had begun in Melbourne and commercial values were steadily rising. This prosperity was marked by the setting of a huge ornate fountain, still standing today. It formed the centre piece of the ceremonial opening to the Exhibition Building. New trees from Mount Macedon, and top soil from Broadmeadows were brought in, rose beds and floral parterres lined the east west pathways, circular flower beds were laid, two lakes were created near Gertrude Street and a sculpture court was installed.
The Great Exhibition left the Northern Gardens a trampled mess. In 1888, after the Centennial Exhibition the whole process had to be repeated. Today's mature oaks, elms, plane trees and fig trees date from this reconstruction.
In 1891, problems with security prompted the building of a new brick lodge for resident gardener, John Guilfoyle. In 1898 he reported of the gardens:
At night it is the resort of the scum of Melbourne. People have been grossly insulted whilst passing through at night. Plunder such as plate has been found hidden in the grounds, revolvers, burglar kits and watches in the lakes. The tool house has been broken into three time and pounds worth of tools stolen ...Raids have been made on the young plants... One of the black swans was carried off a few nights ago. Recently a Chinaman committed suicide and under the tree that a European had chosen for the same purpose a few months before.
Children planting trees in Carlton Gardens, Arbour Day, 1905
Guilfoyle's report suggests that his residence did not solve the gardens' security problems.
In 1890, an Act of Parliament vested the central 20.5 acres into the care of the Trustees. They attempted to be self supporting by creating various revenue making facilities: an Aquarium (which burned down in 1952), a sports oval, a bicycle track, and a small grandstand, along with other sporting facilities. In the 1890s, the main building was used as a concert hall. After the turn of the century, its Western annexe was made available to the State Government as a House of Parliament. Many other Government departments also used the building. The eastern annexe became a museum; a national War Museum in the 1920s and a ballroom.
Up to 1924, various areas of parkland were added to the Northern gardens. Arbour Day was instituted during this period, with schoolchildren planting trees each year. During World War 1 the gardens again became much neglected. From the 1920s onwards, there was a great deal of activity: a playground was installed in 1922, the lake paved and made into a wading pool in 1923, and in 1924 the first tennis courts. The following years, as part of its policy of opening up the city's parks, the council removed the iron railings and gates erected for the 1880 Exhibition. A description of the park in the 1920s indicates that the place had now evolved into a far more congenial environment:
The gardens, often a long way from home, yet became a centre for the young and old. The old folk fed their meagre crumbs to the galleon like swans. Lovers retreated and twisted in the shadows of the grand old oaks. Children played wildly or were sick from the smell of the tan of the play area. It was the era of the juggernauting cable tram, the horse and buggy and the big open Buicks, Studebakers and the silver stick![11]
In 1938 the children's play area was rebuilt. Carlton and Fitzroy desperately needed these facilities as both were slum neighbourhoods. During the post war period there evolved a general policy of locating active recreation in the Northern garden, and passive recreation and horticulture in the Southern gardens.
In the l950s and 1960s, the gardens were simplified and opened up, a change made possible by increased police surveillance. The polluted wading pool was filled in, and remodelled into a model traffic school.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the East and West annexes were demolished to accommodate the present modern complex. The old oval at the back of the building was converted into a car park, but not before it had functioned as a migrant centre following World War II. The amount of parking space is important to commerce and the success of the Exhibition Building. However, it is this parking (along with much of the other 'clutter'),that detracts from the beauty of the building, and the entire park. Historian John Foster, in his article "The Carlton Gardens: The gardens with a jiox.", states: 'With complete disregard for the dignity of the building, let alone the gardens, piece by piece the grounds were converted into a massive commuter car park.'[l2]
As part of the Exhibition Building's centenary celebrations in 1980, the forecourt on the eastern side was remodelled to incorporate the new Grollo fountain, a gift from the Grollo family companies for the centenary.[l3] Proposals presently under discussion include an attempt to link the Northern and Southern gardens by converting some of the broad expanse of bitumen car park back into parkland. To quote John Foster: 'What is needed is a comprehensive scheme to reclaim the gardens from the twin blights of commercial exploitation and the mindless proliferation of neighbourhood amenities'. [14] The Southern gardens today are a more bona fide representation of the nineteenth century Victorian garden than are many others around Melbourne. The 'tree lined avenues' and miniature lakes on alternate sides of the 'grand avenue' running through the centre of the Gardens, must be close to the realisation of Bateman's original plans.
Despite their chequered history, the Carlton Gardens have survived, and now provide a peaceful green haven for Melbourne's citizens, in close proximity to the city.
Princes Park was named after Queen Victoria's son, Prince Alfred, who visited Melbourne. The area was named Princes Hill. The 97 acre Park was originally part of a 2,650 acre site suggested as a reservation for recreational purposes by Lieutenant Governor Charles Latrobe in 1845. It was proclaimed in 1854 and permanently reserved in 1873. In its early days, it was used as pasture for the Collingwood town herd. The park ranger's report in 1866 indicates that the quality of the land was so poor that it would only carry 15 to 20 head of cattle. By the end of the decade, after ploughing and trenching, the removal of 'dead and scrubby' timber, and the filling in of gullies the park was supporting 90 head of cattle.[15]
In 1868, Edward La Trobe Bateman was asked to 'prepare plans for laying out Fawkner, Princes and Yarra Parks...for a sum not exceeding 100 pounds.'[l6] There is some uncertainty whether his plans were used. The layout of the park was dominated by the Melbourne General Cemetery, which occupied the centre of the park and later expand cd to the Lygon Street and Cemetery road boundaries.
The Crown Grant of 13 June, 1873 specified that Princes Park should be 'used for the recreation and amusement of our subjects and people'.[17]
Two years later, permission was given to construct an ambitiously conceived carriage drive to skirt the perimeter of the park, work not undertaken until the following decade. In 1878 a petition of some 5,650 signatures was received by the Council requesting the establishment of a football oval:
We the undersigned ratepayers and other residents in the various Wards and Suburbs of the City of Melbourne, being admirers of the popular and manly sport of Football and concurring in the action of the Carlton Football Club in applying for the Southern portion of the Princes Park as a playground, desire respectfully to give such application our heartiest support...We unhestitatingly affirm that at no time of the year is our Saturday half holiday more keenly enjoyed than when that recreation is being pursued.[l8]
Aerial view of Princes Park and Carlton Football Ground
There were objections from the Park's overseer who expressed the fear that the grass would be trampled by crowds, the path to the cemetery cut and Council revenue lost through the curtailment of cattle grazing on the site. These objections were overruled and the Club was allowed to fence off a portion of land at the southern end of the park.
In 1880, the outbreak of typhoid fever in Melbourne prompted the Chairman of the Board of Public Health to authorise Princes Park as the most suitable site to provide temporary accommodation for typhoid fever patients. As the Park covered a fairly large area, it was believed the camp would not interfere with the plantation; the ground could be fenced off and tents erected.
In 1884, the park was effectively cut in two, with the construction of a North Carlton branch railway line. The carriageway had to be curved to the south and the old part, cut off by the railway, was broken up for replanting. Requests by the Carlton Bowling Club and the Carlton Cricket club for a site on which to establish their clubs, were granted in 1886. The Bowling Club was given use of a one acre site in the northern section of the park. The Cricket Club amalgamated with the Football Club and took joint occupancy of a new ground located to the west of the original so as not to disturb funeral services. This was in response to complaints received by the Parks and Gardens Committee, who subsequently resolved that the space [for the Bowling Club], be assigned to the north of the central pathway 'so as to abate nuisance which has been complained of.'[19]
Meanwhile, the carriageway was nearing completion, and in 1892 it was opened to the public. It became used for many purposes other than those for which it was originally intended. Instead of being used for a quiet promenade, it became a short cut for the dray drivers, a sulky racing course and training area for race horses. Consequently, gates on the east and south sides of the park were closed and traffic regulations were drawn up prohibiting horse breaking, exercising, jumping of fences or driving cattle. No one was to 'drive or ride furiously or negligently along any of the roads in the park. Sadly these efforts were in vain, and in 1894 all gates were locked indefinitely.
Two years after this, permissive occupancy of the Carlton Recreation Ground was granted to Carlton Football and Cricket Clubs. They worked on the park, levelling the ground and filling up the gullies and hollows. The Curator's report of 1898 states that there were watering and drainage problems, complaining that 'so many trees cannot be watered by means of a tank on a dray.'[20] The following year the Curator's report reveals the intention to plant 200 new trees in the area. It seems steady progress was made. The management of Princes Park was not beset with the plague of problems and general annoyances with which that of the Carlton Gardens had to deal.
The twenties was a decade in which people attempted to throw off the veil of Victorianism and devoted themselves more than ever to the pursuit of recreation. Tennis became fashionable. The M.C.C. allowed the construction of two public tennis courts, a dressing pavilion and a drinking fountain. A children's playground was built next to the courts so that the caretaker could look after both simultaneously. Electric lights were erected along the major pathways through the park, and regulations regarding use of the carriageway were amended to accommodate the new motor cars and motor bikes. In line with its policy of opening up Melbourne's parks and gardens, the Council removed the boundary fences along the Sydney Road, Garton Street and Bowen Crescent frontages of the park. In 1922, with the aid of unemployment relief, various works were commenced, including the construction of pathways and grassed walks. In 1925 the area was ploughed, sown and planted, and a small lake and bridge installed. During the following year palms were planted, the ground was regraded, 100 poplars were planted, and the sports area at the south end of the park enlarged.
In the mid 1930s, the Princes Park road was upgraded to modern standards. Footpaths were laid, the road surfaced and various types of trees were planted to create an avenue. In the following years, the lake was converted into a children's wading pool, two new sports pavilions were built, the whole Sydney road frontage received major attention, and the council made sections of the park available for car parking, in reaction to the increasing congestion in the neighbouring streets from the popularity of weekend football and cricket games. With the advent of the World War II, the Army established a depot in the north of the park.
Little work was carried out during the war years. In the 1950s work recommenced in earnest, with much emphasis placed upon the development of sporting facilities. Around 1952, there was some discussion regarding the hosting of the Olympics at Princes Park. Council approval was given for the commencement of 'works and buildings' in preparation for 1956. It seems that this idea was lost. The next decade saw the development of the tennis complex, with the asphalt being converted to porous surfaces, and approval for the construction of the 'E.C.Crawford oval', largely instigated by Melbourne University, and named after the first full time secretary of the Melbourne University Sports' Union. In 1964, after it became a health risk the wading pool was redeveloped to incorporate spray fixtures. These were removed in 1969.
Princes Hill High School was permitted to erect temporary classrooms in Princes Park after a section of the school burned down in 1970, but not before considerable wrangling with a local newly formed group calling themselves the 'Princes Park Preservation Association'. The P.P.P.A. objected to the proposal that the school set up temporary buildings in the park on the grounds that it would 'alienate' the parkland. This opposition was met with a sturdy reproach from the Crown Solicitor's office, whose representative stated that if land was to be used for other purposes it was 'legally no one's business but the Crown's ', and that no action was to be taken by such groups as the P.P.P.A. [21].
In 1972 construction commenced on the Princes Park No.1 oval. This was to be a 'semi enclosed, first class sports oval', for the purposes of promoting junior sport in the area and to be made available to Princes Hill High for use as a playing field. Carlton Football Club and Carlton Cricket Club were permitted to use it occasionally. The oval was also intended to meet the increasing demand made by secondary school competitions needing playing fields during the week. During the year, additions were made to existing playground equipment south of the Carlton Recreation Ground. The railway cutting, which ran east west through the park, was to be restored also.
In 1973, the Princes Park Masterplan was drawn up. The plan included dividing the park into five roughly equal sections, each to be earmarked for a specific development: sport, passive recreation, a children's play area. It was finalised in 1974 by Carol Frank Mas of Margules Deveson Ltd. A sprinkler system was installed and a substance called 'perma rock' laid down to prevent erosion and encourage grass growth in the heavy parking areas around the Carlton Football Ground. In 1975, the children's playground was completed, and some upgrading of the Crawford Oval under taken. The following year co operation took place between the rebuilt Princes Hill High School, Princes Hill Primary School and Melbourne City Council to form the new School Park Centre involving Princes Park and school facilities. This development aimed at increased community based use of these resources. In 1978, a Fun and Fitness track was installed around the perimeter of the park. The design was based on the successful 'tan track' encircling the King's Domain in 1974. In this year there raged a bitter fight which arose when a developer planned to erect a factory on the site centred near the North Carlton Railway station. The local residents won their case in the dispute and continue to maintain the area for recreational purposes, with the co operation and help of 'The Met', M.C.C., and the Carlton Association. In 1979, the Bocce rink was installed next to the old railway station in Gallagher Reserve.
No large scale works were undertaken in the park over the next five years. Concern was expressed that wide areas of parkland had been trampled by the enthusiastic joggers, but plans to install a two metre wide gravel path did not eventuate. In October 1979, approval was given to upgrade the original playground area. The redesigning was done in consultation with the parents, students and staff of the Princes Hill Primary School. The playground incorporated, among other ideas, separate play areas for different age groups.
Plans are now underway for further development to support the ongoing needs of the residents of Carlton, and of Melbournites generally.
There were five areas set aside in Carlton as ornamental reserves: Curtain, Barry, Macarthur, Murchison, Lincoln and Argyle Squares. The Hardy Gallagher Reserve is a recent addition to these. In the early days many of these reserves were surrounded by picket fences and often the public was denied access. The function was almost purely ornamental, until they were opened to the public around the turn of the century. The reservation of many of the parks and squares around Melbourne often occurred in response to public needs or requests. The site of Curtain Square bounded by Rathdowne, Canning, Newry and Curtain Streets, was originally a quarry. The area was filled in when the Parks and Gardens Committee took in hand the improvement of this block of land. It was renamed Curtain Place to perpetuate the memory of John Curtain M.L.A. The 3.5 acre site was enclosed and redesigned in 1957 to provide more play area for young children. Curtain Square, from all accounts, was always a popular play area. The playground has long had maypoles, a see saw, slides and a roundabout. Today, little remains of the original planting, apart from an avenue of Moreton Bay Figs running down the eastern side of the reserve.
Barry Square,in Barry Street, now known as University Square, was made a permanent 'ornamental reserve' on the 3rd of April 1867. Today an avenue of elms runs through the centre of the square, leading to a drinking fountain built in memory of Thomas Ferguson, who held the position of secretary of the Total Abstinence Society from 1868 to 1904. To the north were once tables with chequered tops for chess and draughts.
"the Moreton Bay fig trees in Curtain Square provided us with material to make dolls' furniture . . . from figs and dead matches."
Before the Land Acts of 1860 and 1862, many of Melbourne's proposed reserves were sold. Since the Land Act of 1862, the system of reservation has continued to the present day. The sale of any of these reserved lands was prohibited.[22]
The residents of Murchison Square (south of Elgin Street) in a letter to the Council, dated 17 June 1869, demanded that attention be:
brought to the fact that on two occasions when the Reserve has been advertised for sale we have waited on the Minister for Lands and procured the withdrawal of the land from public competition...In March 1867, we collected and paid into the City Treasury the sum of £36 17s, toward the cost of fencing the reserve, and in July of the same year we collected and paid for the purpose of removing the heaps of rubbish and partially trenching the ground a further sum of £14 16s.[23]
There was a fairly steady flow of complaints. In another letter complaints were made of broken railings, a broken fence, and of congregations of children and 'larrikins' who were damaging trees and setting fire to the grass, generally disfiguring the reserve. The letter requested that the Council restore the fence.[24] A few weeks later the curator, Mr Bickford, issued a report stating that the reserve had been planted years ago with a double row of trees on all four sides. It had been trenched and planted a number of times, and each time, the plants destroyed. A reward of £2 was offered to anyone who would provide the Council with information about the offenders. This statement ended with a request that those who had complained about the state of Murchison reserve, should assist the authorities in checking the offenders and providing information.[25]
Murchison Square was not the only reserve used for the purposes of rubbish dumping. A complaint was voiced by Councillor William Ievers J.P., a resident of Carlton from 1855 to 1901. Ievers' letter to the Town Clerk of 22nd March 1885 complains that Argyle Square is 'practically an uncovered closet'. Carts dumped rubbish there, creating a 'vile stench' which 'endangered the health of local residents'. A memo dated the 24th March 1885, from the Town Clerk to the curator Mr Bickford, requested that he 'Be so good as to prevent the deposit of offensive material in Argyle Square'. Mr Bickford replied in the affirmative, indicating that steps had been taken to 'stop the stuff being carted in.'[26]
Thirteen years earlier, Ievers had requested that the City Council lay out the southern half of Argyle Square 'with paths planting some flowers and providing a few seats, in order that we and our families may be able to make use of that portion of the reserve which is now unused. As the northern half has already been appropriated to the use of a Bowling Club, we hope you will grant our request in regard to the remaining portion.'[27]
The 'lawns, paths, flowerbeds and trees', requested by those residents of yesteryear, exist today. In existence also, is a memorial to Cr. George Hawkins Ievers, erected by Councillor William Ievers J.P., in memory of his father. The Bowling Club still occupies the northern part of the reserve. Established in 1868, it remains popular, particularly among the older residents of Carlton. In 1987 the 120th anniversary of the club was celebrated.
The history of these areas show 'concerned' citizens anxious to establish a chain of little green retreats, and individuals, to whom papers like the Argus referred as members of the 'less respectable' classes, whose interpretations of the word 'reserve' clashed with the meaning given to it by the authorities. They perceived the role of these reserves as more purely functional than did their 'concerned' counterparts. Such people regarded these reservation areas as a public common, and were probably irritated by the intrusion of such elements as flowerbeds, shrubbery and fences.
We can thank those people who were concerned about the preservation of these areas 'from any possible seizure or misappropriation of even the most infinitesimal portion of the lands now held as Reserves from the Crown for the public use and pleasurable advantage."[28] for the squares and parks in Carlton today.
Leisure activities were relatively simple 50 or 60 years ago. Mrs Palmer, an older resident of Carlton, describes her experiences:
There was no particular recreation 50 60years ago. People did not think of leisure time. They strolled around on summer evenings taking their children for quiet walks...Not everyone could afford to go the pictures. A few, better off, owned a gramophone or a wireless set...Churches had a great influence on most people's lives...[they] had their own cricket teams and choir practice, sometimes socials...The Moreton Bay fig trees in Curtain Square provided us with material to make dolls' furniture constructed of figs and dead matches. At night we played dominoes, ludo, draughts or snakes and ladders. Girls cut out fancy patterns from clean white butchers' paper to make doilies and cut fancy edging for shelving paper.[29]
Children entertained themselves inventing various games which became the latest craze or fashion at the time. Diabolo was a very popular game for girls at one stage. The diabolo was a large piece of wood like a cotton reel which was twisted into a length of string, released into the air and then caught on the string again. Other games are still played today: skippy, hopscotch, rounders and basketball.
The Adelphi around the years 1901 and 1902 was the Jubilee Cycling School. The School taught its pupils how to ride, mount and dismount in graceful style. It was open from 10 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. every day and from 7.30 to 10 every Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. It later became the Jubilee Roller Skating Rink. Then for some time it remained vacant and after a series of ownerships, it became known as the Adelphi Theatre. Adults and children alike would often go to the Adelphi Theatre to see movies. Following this, Carmello Vitale took over the ownership and renamed the place the San Remo Ballroom, by which name it is still known.
Other entertainments a few decades ago, were found in the hotels and dance halls. The dance halls around Carlton included the Kay Street Dance Hall in the 1880's. It became known later as the Curtis Dance Hall. Strict dress always applied. The old Pram Factory (used until recently by the Australian Performing Group), was once Freeman's Livery Stables, and around 1918 to 1920 the upstairs part of the building was converted to become a dance hall. The P.L.C. (Political Labor Council) Hall in Neill Street, later became known as Druid's Hall.
Thomas Pratt outside the Jubilee Cycling School, 1902
Skaters gather outside the Jubilee Roller Skating Rink.
This was a popular venue for vaudeville shows. The Matchbox or Miss MacArthy Dancing Hall, on the corner of Nicholson and Barkly Streets, was another popular entertainment centre.
Carlton has always been well known for its pubs. The Barkly Inn 1859, The Dove 1866, The Royal Dane 1866 and The Hibernian 1869 were just some of the 95 hotels built in Carlton by 1876.
As well as providing its residents with a number of entertainments and leisure activities, Carlton provided a number of attractions for the visitor to Melbourne. Tourist brochures from the 1920's suggest visits to the Exhibition Buildings to see the Aquarium and to ascend to the top of the great dome to see the 'vast panorama of Melbourne and surroundings spread before them.'[30] A trip to the Jubilee Skating Rink was also recommended, talking the blue tram from Bourke Street or the red tram to Collingwood. There were open air concerts the whole year through. The Tramways Board held open air concerts in different suburbs every week and on the St Kilda Esplanade every Sunday in Summer from 3.00 p.m to 5.00 p.m. Popular concerts were also held at the M.C.G. every Monday in summer. A white cable tram took people down to the seaside, either St Kilda or Port Melbourne, and from Port Melbourne, one could take a steamer to Williamstown. Melbourne's theatres provided another source of entertainment for residents able to afford them.
Carlton residents also set up their own clubs and societies, be they Girl Guide or Scout troops, sporting clubs or dramatic societies. Not everybody could afford expensive or even paid entertainment. The pastimes of Carlton's residents in many ways serves as a microcosm of the larger social world.
'Children 50 to 60 years ago very often ran messages for neighbours after school (at a penny a time) to get e pocket money to go to the Adelphi or Palace Theatre for the Saturday matinee.' Margorie Palmer
Despite the existence of the Adelphi theatre in Carlton, the suburb was not known for its theatrical performances until the establishment of Melbourne University's Union Theatre Company. This was Australia's first professional repertory company and heralded the dawn of a new age in Australian Theatre. It was formed in 1953 under the auspices of the Council of the University of Melbourne. John Sumner and his wife Karis, after extensive acting, directing and production experience in the U.K. felt a fully professional repertory company was needed to provide a 'nursery' for the great deal of Australian talent waiting to be developed.
Zoe Caldwell was among the first intake of young talent. She saw the opportunities offered by the Union Theatre as at least as significant as those offered by the prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. In the Union Theatre members would receive a living wage while they were working and learning. All young artists were also to receive backstage training. For the first time in its history, Actors' Equity cut its rates to allow the infant company to gain a firm footing. Members of the company were paid £3 a week less than the minimum award, actors receiving £15 a week and actresses £11. The company was launched on August 31st, 1953 with Zoe Caldwell in the title role of Jean Anouihl's Colombe. In following productions Noel Ferrier, June Jago, Barry Humphries, Patricia Kennedy, Maree Tomaseffl all appeared on the theatre bills.
In 1955, the company received much critical acclaim with the arrival of a new Australian play: Ray Lawler's Summer of the Seventeenth Doll. 'The Doll', as it became known, gave Australian drama a tremendous lift, and has since earned its way into the most prestigious international playhouses. It was described by one critic at the time as having 'a rare touch of authenticity that guarantees it a place in the foremost ranks of Australian drama' For the people of Carlton, the play held a special significance, as the action took place in their home suburb.
In its third season, the company was becoming established. With the staging of Gigi Australian dramatic history was made again. It was the first time this play had been staged outside Broadway.
After a number of years, the company moved: in the 1960's, to the Russell Street Theatre, then to St Martin's Theatre in South Yarra and, eventually to the Atheneum in Collins Street. Now known as the Melbourne Theatre Company, it resides permanently at the Athenaeum, and uses other venues such as the Playhouse Theatre at the Arts Centre in St Kilda Road. The company is one of the most respected theatre companies in Australia, having established itself at a time when there were few dramatic institutions in Melbourne or Australia.
'La Mama' was established in August 1967 in an abandoned shirt factory in Faraday Street by Betty Burstall and named after the New York theatre. It aimed to perform a similar function to the 'Off off Broadway' theatres in Greenwich Village.
Initially used for folk music, poetry readings and experimental cinema, the aims of the theatre were to provide playwrights, directors and actors with an outlet for experimental work in a workshop environment. Two semi permanent companies eventually emerged. One was a very small communally based group called Tribe; the other was the La Mama Company, which later became the Australian Performing Group. This was to become one of the more important dramatic companies in Australian contemporary theatre.
The first play produced at La Mama, Jack Hibberd's Three Old Friends, included many of the actors who were later to form the nucleus of the Australian Performing Group. Graeme Blundell was a member of the original cast of this production, and later became a central figure of the group.
Other people to perform at La Mama were Frank Bren, a local playwright and Kris Hemensley, an English born poet. Hemensley organized a poets' workshop once a week, where local poets could read their work. Established poets such as Bruce Dawe and Chris Wallace Crabbe took part in these sessions. In another early experiment Syd Clayton performed 'happenings' involving music and drama which were largely 'aleatoric', that is, relying on the elements of chance created by the use of such items as roulette wheels, cards, or cricket scores. The performers were given the programmes, and then were free to interpret them within the broad framework given.
The theatre is small, its usual capacity 50 people, and the atmosphere intimate, yet informal and simple. It consists of a ground floor and a first floor room, with a fireplace where log fires burn in the winter. The seating arrangements are very flexible and consist of a number of chairs which can be moved around according to the needs of the particular performance. Sometimes the audience becomes a part of the action: in John Romeril's play I Don't Know Who To Feel Sorry For the audience sat on the set; in Jack Hibberd's Dimboola, they became part of the drama. In the original production at La Mama in 1969, the audience took on the role of the wedding guests: entering from the outside stairs of the building they were ushered into the upper storey; welcomed by the bride and groom and given sherries before being taken downstairs for the wedding breakfast (the play). Audience participation was an intrinsic part of La Mama productions. This was true particularly true of Tribe, later to become the Australian Performing Group. By 1970, Tribe had evolved into the A.P.G. and become fully professional. They no longer found La Mama a suitable performance venue and moved to a new theatre in Drummond Street, known as the Pram Factory. The principal figures involved in its operation were Graeme Blundell, John Romeril and Jack Hibberd. La Mama continued to produce work performed by the likes of Bruce Spence, Martin Phelan and Peter Cummins.
The work of the principal playwrights, Romeril, Hibberd and Williamson, has been performed by a number of fully professional companies throughout Australia and overseas. The works of David Williamson, in particular, have become major works in Australian drama, having been performed by the M.T.C. and by companies overseas. La Mama continues to provide for dramatic experimentation though its most active period was between the years 1968 to 1971.[31]
The foundation of Australian Rules football is attributed to Henry C.A. Harrison who got together with his cousin Tom Wills, J.B.Thompson and J.B. Hammersley (a noted cricketer),to draw up some rules. Harrison's cousin, Tom Wills, is credited with the foundation of the game in Melbourne. In its early stages, it was a rough, unruly game with no controlling body. To win the game a team had only to score two goals. Harrison later wrote:
It was a rather go as you please affair at first but a set of rules was gradually evolved which experience taught us to be the best. [31]
The Carlton Football Club began its existence on the Royal Park clearing, a site shared with the Carlton Cricket Club. Members of the Carlton Cricket Club had helped form the Carlton Football Club and two of the C.F.C's members Robert McFarland, and Ben James (secretary of the C.C.C.), were also enthusiastic cricketers.
The Carlton Football Club brought a significant contribution to the game in an administrative and practical sense. In 1866, the first uniform was instituted. This was an orange cap, which was replaced by a blue one in 1871. In 1873, blue knickerbockers were instituted.
The rules of the game became more developed from the late 1860s onwards. In 1869, the two goal system was abandoned, and the length of the game extended to 100 minutes. In an 1869 match, 'a numerous company, including many ladies', came to watch Carlton play against Melbourne, old rivals even then. Much interest was shown in the game, especially by 'the fair sex'.
Carlton versus Melbourne, Australian Rules football match. 1881
In 1871, the Club was training on the triangular site of the Carlton Cricket Ground but still played their home matches at Royal Park. By 1874, the game was well established, drawing sizeable crowds to each match. In June of that year, a crowd of 10,000 people turned up to watch Melbourne play Carlton at Royal Park. In 1875 The Footballer, Victoria's first publication devoted entirely to the discussion of football, was produced. In 1876, in answer to the growing demand for space, The Club spent £250 to prepare a new ground in Madeline Street, on the Roman Catholic reserve, now the site of Newman College. The Royal Park Trustees had refused to grant permission to fence the Royal Park site. Subsequently, the Club asked the University Council for permission to use the athletic club ground. The C.F.C. stated that, if granted use, it would be prepared to pay the costs of levelling the ground and erecting a picket fence. The club was granted permissive occupancy of this site, and the ground was rolled and levelled, and an iron picket fence erected. The area was also ploughed and sown with English grasses. There was an admittance charge to cover costs, and any 'leftover' money went to charity. The ground was thus converted from 'wilderness' to 'attractiveness', with a picket fence, and a playing area of 200 yards by 120.
In 1877 the University Council began to hint at a change of view regarding the Carlton Football Club's occupancy. They were granted use of the ground till the end of the season. The club felt a need to erect buildings on the site but in 1878, were ordered off the grounds, just after spending £300 on various improvements.
The area around Princes Hill was not settled until the mid 1870s. In fact there was very little settlement north of Melbourne University and the area between the very much smaller Melbourne General Cemetery and South Brunswick was covered by fairly thick scrub. As well as the rough Sydney Road, used by bullock teams, there were a few tracks through the bush, marked here and there by odd groups of wooden houses.
In 1879, the club began to play on the southern portion of Princes Park. There was no permanent enclosure, only a movable picket fence. Eleven acres of land was eventually granted to the club by the M.C.C. on a permissive occupancy basis. This was in response to a petition from 3,500 ratepayers, followers of the game, with the conditions that no fences were to be erected and that there would be no charge for admittance.
The following year, the Carlton Football Club acquired their first home on the Princes Park Oval. This had been achieved after a long and weary battle. With this permanency, a stability was achieved for the team and adequate training of its members was made possible.
Following the establishment of these football clubs in Melbourne, the game's popularity spread and it became an entertainment feature throughout the colony. Football clubs were formed in almost every country town. With this increasing popularity, a need was seen for the establishment of a controlling body and the V.F.A. was established in 1877. The V.F.A inaugurated interstate matches. In 1902, John Worrall became secretary and manager of the Carlton team. A former international cricketer, Worrall also became the team's first coach. Despite the great enthusiasm of its members, the history of the Carlton Football Club has not always been happy. The Club has often found itself estranged from the local residents. This has occurred particularly in the last few years as community attitudes towards the club have altered. Many of the original residents (those who were supportive of the club in particular), have moved out of the area and land values have accelerated. The club claims that the present residents of North Carlton are not as sports minded as their predecessors. In fact, most of the club's supporters are outer, not inner, suburban residents. The local residents' objections are based on the argument that the club's fans are not locals and, thus, have no respect for local property (i.e. parkland). Issues such as the lack of carparking space, noise and the decreasing amount of parkland available in the area also concern local residents. However, the Club argues that it offers services such as a pool, playing ground, barbeque facilities for general community use, and that this has been ignored by residents. The club also offers social club membership to anyone wishing to join. It boasts the membership of a broad (either Liberal, Labour or local), affiliations.
The original Carlton Football Club has changed dramatically since its inception. It was the first football club to become fully professional, and has subsequently relied on financial backing from various sponsors and business ventures. Football generally is now big business, and the C.F.C. is no exception. The club engages the business acumen of various individuals, to help project its future direction. Australian Rules Football is considered uniquely Australian and to many it has become a way of life. The C.F.C. is one of the oldest teams, drawer of some of the largest crowds, and proudly boasts one of the largest memberships.
Some of the holders of No.1 tickets have been, Sir Robert Menzies, Dame Pattie Menzies and Malcolm Fraser.[32]
The first cricket club in Carlton was formed around 1860 to 1861. That year several clubs were established with their headquarters in Carlton Gardens. There was an increasing interest in the game, and many young people developed an enthusiasm for playing regularly. The following season, most players transferred to the Royal Park Club and the Carlton Tradesmen played in the University paddock. The present club only began after the Royal Park Club changed its name to North Melbourne. A meeting was held in the Orderly Rooms, Grattan Street in 1864 where the decision was made to call the new club the Carlton Union. Its first president was Sir Redmond Barry, and it had an initial enrolment of 21 members and a first objective to acquire a suitable ground.
Initially based at Melbourne University the club then played at the back of the University, where the colleges are now. The club played its first intercolonial match in 1866: Victoria versus New South Wales.
On the 12th May 1865, the Carlton Union was granted permissive occupancy of the triangular piece of land between the University paddock and Princes Park. The five acre site was felled of trees by its hard working members. The ground was fenced, 72 young trees were planted and plans arranged to build a pavillion. The name was later changed to the Carlton Cricket Club. Members of the club helped with the work and finance, and in January 1867 a meeting was held in the newly built pavillion.
The hard work continued with members of the club ploughing, levelling and planting rye grass seed into the ground. Indeed, 'splendid wickets were almost the rule'. In those days, it was considered a real achievement to have the water laid on. In 1868, critics referred to the excellence of the oval, and the fielding of the team. Councillor Pigdon donated timber for a scoring shed. In 1881 came the first move to the Princes Park ground. It had taken 15 years to achieve since negotiations began.[33]
The Carlton Bowling Club was formed on the 16th of October 1867. On the 27th of April 1868, Council resolved that 'permission revocable at will...be given to the members of a bowling Club formed in Smith Ward to use the portion of the enclosure of Argyle Square, north of the central pathway.'
Samuel Ramsden was appointed first President, and Joseph McLean first Secretary. In November 1868, The Age reported that at the opening of the green, Redmond Barry (then Chief Justice of Victoria) held the position of President. As reported in The Age on Monday the 16th of November 1868: The Carlton Bowling Club celebrated the opening of their new green on Saturday afternoon, under the most favourable auspices. They have at considerable expense converted the northern portion of Argyle Square into a bowling green, which in a year or two, with the care and attention already bestowed on the ground, will be one of the prettiest to be met with either in the city or suburbs. It is pleasantly situated in the centre of a very populous locality, and among its members there is a sufficient number of good names to be an augury of success...The president of the Club, Sir Redmond Barry, about two o'clock, threw the first ball, and declared the green open, and a few bottles of champagne were partaken of in commemoration of the event...The financial position of the club, consisting at present of about 80 members, is very satisfactory.
The first club match was played against West Melbourne on the 16th of January 1869. The club has always been prominent in classic events, earning itself a reputation of a high class green, upon which many famous finals and interstate matches have been played. The Carlton Bowling Club was also one of the founding members of the
Most of the early records of the Carlton Bowling Club were destroyed by a fire about twenty years ago. There is, however, an old map which indicates the layout of the club and the present path system of Argyle Square. The path system was created some time after occupancy occurred. The finance accounts reported in The Age in 1868, indicate the position of the original pavillion, now recited.
The club was granted permissive occupancy of the northern portion of Argyle Square, by the Board of Land and Works and the Melbourne City Council, in 1931. Some of the conditions stated were that: the occupancy could be revoked 'at any time' by the Trustees of Argyle Square; that a rent of one pound be paid in advance every year of occupancy, but that such payment 'shall not prevent cancellation of permission during any year'; and that 'no charge shall be made at any time to any person for admission to the portion used as a bowling green and all persons shall have the right to such admission at all hours during which the Square is open.'[35]
The Princes Park Bowling Club was founded in September 1889. The foundation president was Dr Louis Henry, and the foundation secretary, Mr George Best. According to the History of Princes Park Bowling Club, the original objectives of the Club were:
the making and maintaining of a bowling green, lawn tennis court, quoit and croquet grounds and the management and encouragement of the said games at the ground of the Club Princes Park.[36]
The Princes Park Bowling Club included a variety of other sports. There is no record however of any quoits activities taking place. Croquet games did take place, the space maintained entirely at the women's expense, in an area sandwiched between the bowling green and the tennis courts. The tennis courts remained in existence until the 1960's when the asphalt was replaced by sown grass, thus providing the Club with fourteen rinks altogether.
The Carlton Gazette of November the 27th 1890, reports that the Princes Park Bowling Club had won its first pennant game. During the following years it has experienced a number of victories. The Club has had among its' members, members of Melbourne City Council and neighbouring cities. These include the some time Lord Mayor of Melbourne, Sir William Brunton and Councillor William Ievers who was one of the prominent business men of the 1890's. Others still remembered are M.Balfe, A. Macintosh and C. McDougall, as well as W. Adams M.B.E., E.J.T. Aisbelt, G.L. Jacobs and H.L. Lyall J.P.
The original pavillion was built of wood and replaced by a brick club house in 1959/60. The Club has been financed by the donations of various members, including a 'quiet gentlemanly' member of Princes Park who died in 1977 and left his entire estate of $29,000 to the Club. This inspired other members to gather together another $25,000 to help fund extensions.
Traditionally, the Princes Park Bowling Club held a greater number of male memberships but recently the number of women in the club has outnumbered the men. In 1897, a minute stated that the Committee 'had no objection to the Ladies playing on our green'.[37]
Only in 1952, however, was a Princes Park Ladies Bowling Club formed. The peak of male membership was reached in the sixties with 140 men playing. The club attributes its subsequent decline in membership to population changes in the inner City areas. Rates have not changed though: when the club was first granted permissive occupancy of their site, the amount payable per annum was £1. Today the amount due each year is $2.
Located on the other side of the football ground to the Princes Hill Bowling Club the Royal Park Tennis Club was originally leased by Melbourne University. This changed in 1976 when, following moves to have its' lease transferred to the School Park Centre, it was officially founded as the Princes Hill Tennis Club. The club's first president was John Martyn.
In 1977 the Melbourne City Council resurfaced two of the courts and converted the other two to plexipave. It also provided other improvements such as the renewal of the perimeter fences, the addition of a bluestone skirting and the planting of various trees and bushes to act as windbreaks. A children's area with a sandpit and a fence between the tennis courts was also provided. By January 1977, there were 100 members. These members set about making the club more self sufficient, subsidised coaching for local children, sanded and painted the Club House, installed a Red Phone, covered the central fence, provided new nets, new sweepers, and so on. By 1979, there were 200 members, some of whom helped to install lights for all 4 courts. The club continued to prosper and loans by members were repaid, and 50 more members were accepted. The Council replaced the old verandah, and the club had a brick pathway installed. The club also paid for curators to maintain the courts and clubhouse. New members are accepted each Spring, with priority given to local residents. The club has been successful in competitions, winning approximately twelve pennant games so far. Local children are coached, subsidies of $1,000 have been provided to the School Park Centre for holiday activities, and twelve rackets donated to the 'Mirrimbah' holiday camp. Since its' establishment ten years ago, the original plantings of trees and shrubs have mellowed considerably, to make the club an attractive environment in which to spend one's leisure time. The club states that it provides 'first class court surfaces and nets, a comfortable Club house, a simple system for booking courts and for light tokens, and some pleasant social activities'. The demands placed upon its resources are growing, and the Committee of the club has submitted a series of suggestions to the Melbourne City Council, aimed at improving the quality and amount of space available to players. The club has obviously grown in popularity, no doubt through the consistent upgrading of facilities and the devotion of its' committee. John Martyn, current president, states that 'the Committee has worked harmoniously with the Centre (School Park Centre), and with the M.C.C. It has done its best to serve the local community.'[38]
Members of the Bocce Club at the opening of the new rink.
Montemurro is a 'small, occasionally snow bound village in central southern Italy'.[39] A tailor, Antonio Di Mase, migrated from this little village and began a 'chain migration' of families to Carlton. By the end of World War 2 a Montemurro Colony had been created. In Carlton the village families encouraged each other to keep going when times were tough and shared their leisure time together.
Upon arriving in Australia after World War II, Vince Di Mase found that language difficulties prevented him from participating in Australian sports. So he and his friends began to play Bocce among themselves. It was usually played on a Sunday, traditionally the European day for recreation. Rocco Iacovino recalls that he and his friends used to play under the palm trees in Pigdon Street in the early 50's. A Melbourne City Council permit allowed exclusive Sunday use of the grounds at Princes Park.
Bocce was played at Princes Park for over 25 years. It was a friendly game, with no organised controlling body, or proper facilities. A visit from a reporter encouraged them to seek a Melbourne City Council permit for a proper rink in 1975.
With the help and co operation of people such as Martin Brennan, a Community Education Officer, hopes of establishing a multi cultural sport within the Carlton community were raised. The Bocce club contributed to the renovation of the old railway building in the Hardy Gallagher Reserve. The M.C.C. contributed $10,000 to fix the verandah and rinks were established.
When it opened there were some antagonistic feelings towards the club from nearby residents but the club is still in existence despite these problems and can take great pride that it was the first Bocce club established in Australia. Women used to play the game, but don't now although there is encouragement. The women see the game as men's sport, and prefer to watch rather than play.
Mr Vince Di Mase says that although the Montemurro bocce players are scattered throughout Melbourne, there will always be a strong attachment
Carlton was the first step, the place you always remember...It's like returning to the same pub...not because the beer is better, but because it was the first one.[40]
1. Dept. Crown Land and Survey [DCLS], file Rs 3610. Mayor to the Colonial Secretary, 13/9/1854
2. MCC records. Parks and Gardens Committee, 10/V1859.
3.John Foster, 'The Carlton Gardens: The gardens with a jinx.' in Landscape Australia. vol 4, 1984, p265.
4. MCC records. Letter, 5/10/1861.
5. ibid. 12/3/1863.
6. Foster, J. op cit. p.265.
7. ibid. p.266.
8. ibid.
9. ibid.
10. DRO MCC records, file 3181 755, Guilfoyle report, p.63, 6/7/1898.
11.Rothberg, Yetta, Thousands of Years Through the Eyes of a Child, p. 4.(republished as The Charwoman and the Child. Spectrum, Melbourne, 1985)
12. Foster, J. Op cit. p.275
13. Melbourne's Parks and Gardens: History, Features and Statistics, MCC Parks and Gardens Division, 1984, p.4.
14. Foster, J. op cit. p.275.
15. Park Ranger's report, MCC records, Parks and Gardens Committee,l/4/1866.
16. Letter from Bateman to E.C. Fitzgibbon, ibid. 23/9/1868.
17 MCC records, 1873. Princes Park. City of Melbourne: Recommended Concept Plan. Green, Dale and Wright Ltd.
18. MCC Parks and Gardens C'tee. Petition received, 13/6/1878.
19. MCC records,
20. MCC records, Curator's report, 6/7/1898.
21. MCC records. Letter from Crown Solicitor's office, 28/4/1970.
22.'Alienation of Melbourne's Parklands',in Victorian Historical Magazine, vol XIV, p.l50.
23. MCC records, 17/6/1869.
24. Letter to the Editor, Argus, 13/1V1888.
25. MCC records, Parks and Garden's C'tee, 31/1/1889.
26. MCC records, Parks and Gardens C'tee.
27. ibid. 13/5/1872.
28. MCC records on cit. 28/12/1888.
29. Marjorie Palmer. 'Reflections on Carlton' for Lee Street Primary School's Oral History Project, 1984.
30. A Visitors Guide to Melbourne, c 1915 20.
31. Ref. Whitelaw, Susan 'La Mama: A Critical and Historical Survey', Fourth Year Thesis, 1981, University of Melbourne. Courtesy University of
Melbourne Archives. Refer also newspaper clippings from University Archives re the Union Theatre.
32. Buggy, H. & Bell, H., The Carlton Story: a history of the Carlton Football Club. Melbourne, White, 1958
33. Cook, T. F. Carlton Cricket Club Jubilee History. 1864 1914, Melbourne, 1914.
34. Bowling Carnival Souvenir 1927 (p. 27).
35. Letter Dept. Crown Lands and Survey dated 20/6/1963 re permissive occupancy of Argyle Square. Refer also: Jack Jones, 'History of Carlton Bowling Club,' courtesy of Carlton Bowling Club.
36.W.Y. Johnston, History of Princes Park Bowling Club Information required for a publication during the R.V.B.A. Centenary year 1980.
37. ibid.
38. John R.C. Martyn. Princes Hill Tennis Club the first 9 years.
39. The Melbourne Times, 11/4/84, p8.
40. ibid.
p.3. Map Collection, State Library of Victoria.
p.5. The Australasian, 15/7/1905, pl48. La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria.
p.8. Courtesy Carlton Football Club.
p.9. Map Collection, State Library of Victoria. 821.08, Melbourne, 1921.
p.11. Lee Street Primary School, North Carlton: School archives.
p.l3, 14, 15. Courtesy Sister Camilla, St. Brigid's, Nth. Fitzroy.
p.l7. Australasian Sketcher, 25/6/1881. La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria.
p.22. Courtesy Vince De Mase. Bocce Club.
Research: Catherine Gleeson and Sue Buckley
Written by: Catherine Gleeson
Edited by: Katie Holmes and Marg Fallshaw
Historical advisor Pat Grimshaw
Layout and design: Marg Fallshaw and Katie Holmes
Cover design and graphics: Catherine Gleeson
Thanks to Princes Hill School Park Centre, Ann Clendinnen and Biddy Williams, for accommodating and sponsoring us; and to John Foster for such open access to his research on Melbourne's gardens; Ian Collin and the Carlton Football Club; Gary Shickering and the Carlton Cricket Club; Ken Turnbull and the Princes Hill Bowling Club; Jack Kranne and the Carlton Bowling Club; Vince Di Mase and the Montemurro Bocce Club; John Martyn and the Princes Hill Tennis Club; Melbourne University Archives; and M.C.C. Archive! Thanks also to the staff of the La Trobe Library for their patience and assistance in our search for photographs. Barson Computers provided a computer, Co Design ergonomic chairs, and CEP the funding to make the project possible.
CARLTON FOREST GROUP:Catherine Gleeson, Katie Holmes (coordinator), Annemarie Law, Elizabeth Stafford, Marie Sturt
Printing: Ability Press, Regent, Vic.
Publisher: Carlton Forest Project C/o Princes Hill School Park Centre, Arnold St., Nth. Carlton, Vic.
Copyright: This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher.
Photos on pp. 3, 5, 9, 17, courtesy of the La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria. Copyright for photos, pp. 3, 5, 9, 17, La Trobe Collection, State Library of Victoria.
ISBN: 0 9587922 2 4
0 9587922 5 9 (for series)