136-101 History of Astronomy

Formerly available as 136-028. Students who have completed 136-028 are not eligible to enrol in this subject.

This subject examines a dramatic change in European conceptions of the universe that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Middle Ages, humanity saw itself as occupying a unique Earth, the focus of God's attention, immobile at the centre of a finite universe. In the 16th century, the astronomer Copernicus proposed that the Sun was at the centre of the universe while the Earth orbited the Sun as one of the planets. A few astronomers took his idea seriously, and eventually managed to convert the educated world to the Copernican theory. With the idea that the Earth was just another planet came the idea that the Sun was just another star, and also the modern conception of space as effectively infinite, plus the possibility that life existed elsewhere. What made people change their view of the universe so drastically? How good was the evidence produced by Copernicus' followers? Were there other reasons, perhaps religious or political, for accepting or opposing the new cosmology? Why did people care so greatly whether the Earth moved? These are the sorts of questions which are central to the subject.

• develop skills in written and oral communication;

• be able to conduct independent research;

• make appropriate use of primary and secondary sources in mounting an argument;

• form defensible judgements based on a critical evaluation of conflicting arguments.

A 2000 word essay 25% (due late in the semester); two 1-hour written class tests 12.5% each (one around mid-semester, one very late in the semester), and a 3-hour written examination 50% (during the examination period). Students can earn exemption from the examination, on the basis of the tests and essays. Students exempt from the exam, will be given a mark in which the essay is weighted at 50% and the tests at 25% each.

A subject reader will be available.

• T Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution.